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Fuji GFX for B/W and AstroPhotography in very Low Light


I didn't had the time to challenge the GFX100s vs the Night Sky. But I've found its results were perfect in the Christmas and New Year's Day testing I've shot with it. The linked page can be pixel peeped at 200% without hesitating. All the Photos taken have been shot Hand-Held and - despite in JPEG quality - they have been Underexposed of at least 1 Ev to Preserve Highlights. Real Scenes Light Values around 4,5~5 Ev (Sodium Vapor lamps) -vs- EXIF Light Values are 5,7~6 Ev:
Camera Simulator, Exposure Calculator, LV -49 to 69 Ev


Why choose a Fujifilm GFX100x for Astro Photography


the Fuji Gfx100II is much better in very Low Light conditions than the CCD based Astro Professional cameras from 1990 -2014, despite they were worth hundreds of-thousands of Dollars. The GFX100II's CMOS sensor runs 10 times cooler than those big CCDs. Then, it has little need for a sophisticated Cooling System. BSI Technology plus Micro Lenses ensure similar Yields of Electrons generated per incident Photons (QE), at least in the Visible Spectrum. Dark Current levels have been divided by thousands v CCD. Read Noise and Electronic Noise have been considerably reduced since CCD times. CMOS have Noise Cancelation at pixel level and Digitize their Signal directly on chip so that it can be Pushed much more than the one from CCDs : " www.company7.com/sbig/products/st4.html "
From '90 to 2010, 20 years of Electronic Revolution :
1990s CCD sensor compared to 2010s CMOS (BSI) one :
Signal is now Cleaned + Digitized " on chip " = the Exmor Bonus !


In addition, to avoid overheating the Gfx100II, it can record its Raw files via USB 3.2-gen2 to an External SSD, even at very high frame rates. In-case, you have an Optional Cooling Fan to mount at the Gfx100II's back. Good News: you no longer have to wait until Christmas - New Year's Days to keep the Magnificent Colors of Magical Nights ! What are you waiting for to challenge long exposure DSO Astro Photography w/ hundreds of Short exposures of 1 second ?
Then, no longer need for :
-1. Super rigid EQuatorial Mount.
-2. Very precise Alignment to the Polar Star.
-3. Very precise and finely Calibrated Guiding System.
As long as you can track, even manually, just to keep the Deep Sky object target into the camera's field of view. Come on. I'm going to help you take the plunge by showing you what you could already achieve with long exposures and Very Little Equipment. Pentax K-5, Q10 and Samsung NX-mini on Skywatcher 200/1000, then 254/1200 on a Black HEQ5 Mount. A Goto Kit later and a WebCam on the finderscope for Guiding via PhD. Knowing that by limiting your exposures to ~1 second you will easily get images 4 times Sharper than mine ! Using a Gfx100, you'll easily get better Colors than mine. One Bad, GFXx can't record cropped RAF's ROI. Couldn't this be done by SW to FITS files: write to FITS files the ROI from RAFs inside a FF, APSH/c, 4/3, 1" delimiter you'll move over the full MFc ?
ROI: acronym for Region of Interest, cropping tool in CMos Astro Cams drivers.


Fuji Gfx100s 1/640, Sony A7r5 1/800, f/8, ISO 12k8 = imaging-resource
Fuji Gfx100s ISO12k8 imaging-resource
Fujifilm MFc, Top IQ. Max Light on the Red Logo, Click to Enlarge

Sony FF-A7R5 ISO12k8 imaging-resource
Sony FF, Best of the rest. Red Logo lacks Light. Click to Enlarge


Black on White or reversed letters are well readable in both crops. Green Leaves also are well rendered in the crops. But the Black on Red letters are very different. While the "THE OLD BREWERY, Samuel Smith, TADCASTER" Red Logo is ok with readable "The Old, Tadcaster" on the Fuji crop - it's Totally Blurred by Heavy Noise in the Sony crop, why such a Result ? Apart from Gfx50-100, other FF-MF cameras show very Poor results in Black on Red. It's Not a Pixels question. They benefit from same design and 3,76µm pitch in both cameras. More, even old 51 MPix Gfx50x render the Black on Red Logo way better than Sony. Plus, It's Not a Sensor question. Even Phase1 IQ3 100MPx shows nothing more than Noise with the same MFc imx461. I think this may well be due to the Race for the highest ISO Numbers ! This could also explain why Phase1 has suddenly found necessary to release TriChromatic new Models with a much More Selective Bayer filter in front of their sensors. Please, guess when this happened, just 1 year after the release of-the Fuji Gfx50s (MFc imx161 FSI 2014) with better Red Results than the A7r5.
MFc: acronym for Medium Format crop, as ~44x33mm sensor (55mm diagonal) instead of MF, as ~53x40mm sensor (67mm diagonal).


Advantages of a Fuji More Selective Bayer CFA in Low Light


Color Filter Arrays from Fujifilm ( That and their Top Color Skills ! )


High ISO Race CFA -vs- High Fidelity Colors CFA


High ISO Race vs Selective Bayer CFAs
"x2" Recalls that Blue and Red Pixel-Count are only Half the Green one.
Numbers = Equivalent Black% Density of Colors. Example :
Black100, Blue88, Red70, Magenta59, green41, cyan30, yellow12, white0%
-Left.Max.Area: green41+cyan30+yellow12+white0%: light-colors
-Right.Max.Area : Blue88+Red70% : Dark-Colors
Click to View, Ctrl+ to Enlarge More


Additive and Subtractive Colors converted to Black Levels (IrfanView) : Convert Colors to Black Density
Click to View


This is a very important specification for ~1 second Exposure astrophotography. Especially for Red nebulae such as IC5146, N2237 which are nearly invisible in big city Atmosphere with Light Polluted Bortle 9 sky. More so here at sea side !
My Astro spot, lit as if we were in broad daylight

Miracle if yer eyes see Ic5146, even through a Neodymium SkyGlow filter :
IC-5146 almost Invisible at sea-side
IC-5146, Pentax Q10 30sec. subs at ISO1600. Most Sensitive/mm² 1/2,3"ILC:
How could this costless digicam's tiny BSI Sensor be so Sensitive ?
Pentax Q10, IR-Cut Filter Removal for Astro Photography
-Upper =1x30sec. As is, -Lower = DSS stack of 56x30sec. out of 75+ shots.
Cocoon Not centered cause I didn't see anything but stars on Q10's LCD,
200/1000 Skywatcher guided by the bright star at up-left. Click to Enlarge

I didn't had the time to challenge the Gfx100s vs the Night Sky, but I've found its Red results were perfect in the New Year's Day and Christmas testing I've done with it, the linked page can be pixel peeped at 200% without hesitating.


The fact that the Gfx family all have a Bayer CFA inside is also a very important specification for ~one second Exposure Astrophotography. Then, you'll have the possibility to challenge the lot of Demosaicing Algorithm available for the Bayer cameras, for example, with Deep Sky Stacker. Or, try NO Demosaicing with the Super Pixel Algorithm that will divide the total job time by 2 or 3 but delivers you Superb Results without re-inventing 2 colors on 3 for each pixel location. In this case, the final image size will, of course, be of 26 MPx instead of 102 MPx.
CFA: acronym for Color Filter Array, 'GBRG' mosaic over the sensor.


GFX100x, champs of Black and White, More in Low Light


Let's compare the Gfx to a Pentax K3 Mono which is for sale at ~2500 Euro:

-1st. You can downsample Gfx100's images from 102 Mpx down to 26 Mpx
Giving the Gfx a big Advantage over the K3 for LowLight Noise, Sharpness.
And just in case, of course you'll get a huge latitude to Crop inside 102 Mpx.

-2nd. Having Color informations in files, you can still Play w/ G, O, R, Y filters
At Shooting time, but also at Processing time, to adjust Relative Tone, in the
clouds, in the sky, in the grass, in the foliages, etc. Huge Advantage for B/W.
G,O,R,Y, for Green, Orange, Red, Yellow Filters used for B/W Photography.

-3rd. The Pentax K3 Mono still doesn't even have just a "Tilting" LCD, a real
shame today. You'll have to practice Extreme Yoga for Astro, Macro-Photo.
That was barely acceptable for the Pentax K-5 in 2010, but now in 2023...

-4th. A "Tilting" LCD is also a way for the camera to evacuate Heat through
the back of the device. This way, lowering Noise, Hot Pixels, etc, in pictures. See-what Sigma have done at the back of their mini fpL to get rid of Heat.


Many Advantages of GFX100x vs Astro Cooled Cameras


First, a direct Go to some of these MF sensored Astro Cooled Cameras :
Direct links to some of the Astro Cooled MF Cameras at the end of this §

The 1st Difference is the Huge Selling Price of these Big Cooled Cameras. Worse, you are Not ready to find a used one at the price of a used Gfx100x.

The 2nd Bonus is that buying a Gfx100x, you'll also take Cityscapes, Macro, Landscapes, Portraits, Still Lives, Street Photos, etc, where the Fujis Excel.

The 3rd Bonus is, even for Astro-Photography, you can count on a Reliable AutoFocus on a Mid-Bright Star each time you are using a Fujifilm GF lens :
Full Set of Fuji GF lenses : Diagonal, Height and Width equivalent FL in
135 format + D H w AFoV for 2 long ones

Works also for some Adapted AF Lenses, depending on the Adapter used.

4th. The Excellent Reliability over the time of a " Made in Japan " High-End Camera, is way better to me than the one of any fast made chinese device.

5th, the CFA of the Big Astro Cameras is certainly Optimized for High-Gains -versus Not for HQ result w/ Hi-Fi Colors as Fuji is. Please read the § above.

6th, all the Fujifilm Gfx100 cameras are able to work in 100% total autonomy -versus Astro-Cams all do need a Computer AND a Power Supply to Work.
Power Supply is 12V @3A~5A DC specification as recommended by Zwo.

7th, Gfx100II can externalize its Warmfull Writing process to a discrete SSD.
It can record Cold Video, this is Thousands of sub-frames to stack together.

8th. No Guiding, No PC for Short Exposure duration Astro-Photo w/ Formula :
ShutterSpeed#sec = ((Aperture*35)+(PixelSize#µm*30)) / FocalLength#mm
- Gfx100x 1 sec. Max Exposure, GF250 @f/4 don't need a PC for Guiding,
((f/4*35)+(3.76µm*30)) / 250mmFL = 1sec. Max Exposure w/o Guiding.


Fuji GFX100S, 100SII, 100II EVILs' good to know Specs


GFX100S+SII+II MF-Cameras' most differentiating Specs :
3 GFX100 EVILs
Click Image to enlarge


The GFX50SII with its 2014 FSI CMos sensor is not the best for Long Exposure
in Low Light. There's purple Amp-Glow at the bottom of its 1/10sec dark frames :
Amp Glow in Fujifilm GFX 50S Mark I and II - Jim Kasson
Its ContrastDetect only AutoFocus is on the Hesitating and Slow side, especially
in Low-Light conditions. So, I shouldn't recommand it here, but I should in a page
about Events, Landscapes, Portraits, etc, with good lighting.

The Big and Heavy GFX100 is the Precision tool for Studio work, Art and Object
reproduction, Macro, Negative and Slide Film digitizing, Portraits, Still Lifes, etc.
Noise in the Shadows at Base ISO in full Sunlight, Fuji Gfx100 vs Sigma SDQH
Perfect Color Accuracy from the Fuji vs Fading in the Shadows from the SDQH.


GFX100S-SII smaller and lighter than many Full Frame cameras, are the perfect
Tools for hand-held Street photo, Living Portraits, Events photography, etc :
The Fujifilm GFX 100s for HQ Architecture and Street Photography.
Don't bother with handheld Sharpness even at 64mm FL and SS under 1/16 sec
GFX100s' handheld Sharpness at 32-64mm FL, 1/13-1/15sec SS for HQ Street
Thanks to 6-8-Ev In-Body-Image-Stabilization system.
October 2023's price was down at 5200 Euro.

GFX100II's size and weight are just in between the 'GFX100' 2 previous MILCs.
It's able to record up to 8K30p video at 720Mbps data rate on a CFExpress 'B'.
You could even think about Astro "Lucky Imaging" recorded on an External SSD.
F4-F7 long FL, ISO 12k8, 1sec Exposure: M31-Andromeda, M44, 45-Pleiades,
Camera Simulator, Exposure Calculator, set SLV -2 Ev for these Bright DSOs !
M42-Orion, Mel20-(22)-25-111-Clusters. Shot with unbelievable details. Sharp !
Exposure Calculation examples for Orion: M-42, M-43, Ngc1977, Ngc1980-81.
If it gets too Hot, add 1 second between 2 shots, and/or try its FAN-001 Option.
Anyway an Astro-cooled-cam with same imx461 BSI may cost you 4x the price :
QHY 461 Mono/Color PRO, BSI Cooled Scientific Cameras
About the same cooled Camera from Zwo.

Who will be the first to shoot Orion (M42, M43, Ngc1977, Ngc1980-81) with the
GFX100II, ISO 12800 in max 1second Exposure at F4-F7 ? My last experience
on this sky field with a Nikon D600 througth a standard-glass Petzval Refractor :
M-42, M-43, NGC-1977-Running-Man, Green Layer Not being Pushed
Original way to challenge the Dynamic Range of the camera...


18 Fujifilm GF Lenses with 24*36 D, H, w equivalent FLs


9 Fuji GF Prime Lenses for GFX MF-Cameras :
9 GF Prime lenses
Click to enlarge

135 Diagonal eqvlnt Focal Length Defl:1,271, 135 Height eqvlnt FL Hefl:1,375,
135 Width eqvlnt FL wefl:1,222, for Zooms' Tele-FL, see longer Lenses' Wide-FL.

F/22-32 min Apert. -Ring-35-70-T/S, 9 Blades, Inner-AF(-63), Rotary-Zoom, WR-T/S,
WflTFlisISWaTALR ElGrasedDeflHeflwefl MtrCfRfWtDtrLntFltrkE
203566,544/1614104415,714,516,4 µM,35,14,7389113822,8
23-66,54-/1615122418,116,718,8 LM,38,09,8590103822,7
30-66,53,5-/1213102223,621,824,5 µM,32,15,518499581,7
30T/SA.5,6-/3216113323,621,824,5 -,30,211,3871391054,5
326467,544/1614113225,223,326,2 LM,50,12,8893116772,3
357067,54,55,6/321191227,525,528,6 stM,35,28,398574621,0
45-672,8-/81181255,150,957,3 µM,45,14,498488621,8
4510066,544/1616123235,432,736,8 LM,65,131,093145822,4
50-67,53,5-/12961.39,336,440,9 LM,55,10,348448621,0
55-67,51,7-/314102243,340,045,0 DC,50,17,799599772,6
63-682,8-/8108.149,645,851,5 µM,50,17,418471621,5
80-681,7-/31291262,958,265,5 DC,70,15,809599772,3
10020055,55,65,6/3220131278,772,781,8 LM,60,201,190183671,9
110-682-/4149.486,580,090,0 LM,90,161,094126772,8
110T/SM.5,6-/321191286,580,090,0 -,43,501,395149724,0
120Mcr66,54-/16149.394,487,398,2 LM,45,50,9889153722,7
18Mcr..Exttub-....12,67,5510,1---,138?18-,33
45Mcr..Exttub-....8,995,407,19---,328?45-,33
250-55,54-/161610.3197,182,205, LM1,4,221,4108204823,0
500-665,6-/322114.7393,364,409, LM2,8,201,4105247953,9
1,4TC..+1+1/273..6,303,785,04---,408227-,85
mmmmstStf/F/ltRnnnnmm°mm°mm°MtrmRfrkgmmmmmmkE

64mm equivalent FLs 50,3-46,5-52,4
70mm eqvlnt FLs on the next row 55,1-50,9-57,3
'Hefl' column warns Fuji-MF-4:3 has Wider HeFL / Vertical-AFoV than 135 :
Advantage of 4:3 Aspect ratio for Architecture photography
D H w AFoV degrees : GF-250/4, 350/5,6(+1,4xTC), GF-500/5,6
- MouseOver D H w +FL for the 9 Bold Cells.

5 GF Zoom lenses + 4 long Focal Length for GFX MF-Cameras :
5 GF Zooms, 4 Long lenses
Click to enlarge

GF 32-64 f/4 Zoom or 30/3.5, 45/2.8, 50/3.5, 63/2.8 Prime lenses ?
Instant, Silent Focusing, very Good Optical Performance for the GF 32-64 f/4


More Informations about Fujifilm GFX Cameras :


A FF or a MF MILC ? Best Cameras for Long Exposures in Low-Light and Astro-Photography


Testing a Fujifilm Gfx100s MF Camera Hand-Held in Low Light conditions instead of a Full-Frame one


Choosing among 4 families of Reflectors and Refractors for narrow field and Wide Field Astrophotography: FF-MFc


Brightest - Largest objects below (Mgt - di(a)m. columns) are emphasized.


30 most rewarding Nebulae, pictures inside


objectClickNGCtypeMgtdi(a)m.cnstInNearfilternoteblt
C3334Veil-All6960nebul8,0180'CygdenebuhcCa33
Ic1805Heart896nebul18,150'CasNPoleuhc
Ic5146Cocoon Ic5146nebul10?12'Lacn7000UHCH.Al1x
M-1Crab 1952nebul8,46*4'TauOri3x
M-8Lagoon 6523nebul6,090*40'Sgrm-20uhc?h.al1x
M-16 Eagle6611nebul7,240*30'Serm-17uhc?h.al3x
M-17 Swan 6618nebul7,220*15'Sgrm-16uhc?h.al1x
M-20Trifid6514nebul9,028'Sgrm-08uhc2x
-M-27- Dumbell 6853 PlaNl7,48*7'Vulm-57uhc8x
M-42 Orion1976nebul4,065*60'Orin1977uhc5x
M-43Mairan1982nebul9,020*15'Orin1977uhc5x
M-57 Ring 6720PlaNl8,885*60"Lyrm-272x
N1432Maia1432nebul13,26'Taum-45uhc2x
N1435Merope1435nebul13,30'Taum-45uhcIc3492x
N1977RunMan1977nebul5,520'Orim-422x
N2237Rosette 2237nebul8,580*65'Monn2239UHCH.Al3x
N2238Rosette2238nebul8,580*65'Monn2244UHCH.Al3x
N2392Eskimo2392PlaNl8,545"gemm-441x
N3242JupitGst3242PlaNl8,540*35"HyaCrt
N6543Cat'Eye6543PlaNl8,522"DraNPole
N6826Blinking6826PlaNl8,827*24"Cygm-571x
N6960westVeil6960nebul8,010*80'Cygn6992uhc3x
N6992eastVeil6992nebul7,033*90'Cygn6960uhc1x
N6995SthEast6995nebul7,033*90'Cygn6960uhc1x
N7000America7000nebul5,0116*96'Cygdenebuhc?
N7009Saturn7009PlaNl8,044*26"Aqrn7293
N7293 Helix 7293PlaNl7,615*12'Psan7009uhc
N7662BlueBall7662PlaNl8,532*28"Andm-31uhc1x
S2276Barnardnebul5,0600'Orim-42uhc?Sh-2-
object: Ca=Caldwell Catalog, Ic=Index cat, M=Messier cat, Me=Melotte cat,
NGC Number: N=New General Catalog, Sh=Sharpless Catalog.
type: of (Planetary - )Nebula - in Northern Hemisphere.
Mgt, beware of some Magnitude numbers /!\ :
-Ic5146=7 Not Visible on Cam's Lcd even after 30sec at Iso 1k6 w/o IRcut Filter
-Ngc1432-35=13 Well Visible on Cam's Lcd after 30sec at Iso 1k6 w/ its IR-Cut
constellation: International Abbreviation.
InNear: Included in or Neighbors.
filter:
-H.Al rays don't reach the ground at 100% through every atmospheric condition
-UHC(S) Filters are of Great Help to catch these H-Alpha Nebulae. But, their
use with 'uhc' Nebulae will mute Blue parts to Green (460nm Cut-Off)

32 rewarding Galaxies and Groups, images inside


objectClickNGCtypMgtdi(a)m.cnstInNearnoteblt
M-31Andromed224Sb4,8190*60'Andn76622x
M-32Andromed221E28,79*7'Andn76622x
M-33triangulum598Sc6,371*42'Trin76621x
M-49ngc44724472E48,410*8'Virme111
M51aWhirlpool5194Sc8,49*7'CvnUmaa+b5x
M51bWhirlpool5195Sc8,49*7'CvnUmaa+b5x
M-63Sunflower5055Sb8,610*6'Cvnme1111x
M-64BlackEye4826Sb8,59*5'Comme1111x
M-65ngc36233623Sb9,310*3'Leome111leo32x
M-66ngc36273627Sb8,99*4'Leome111leo32x
M66+M66-M653627Sb8,9~28*8'Leo66+65m66+1x
M-74ngc-628628Sc9,411*9'Pscme-25
M-77Cetus-A1068Sb8,97*6'Cetme-25
M-81ngc30313031Sb7,024*11'UmaNPolem81+
M81+M81-M823031Sb7,0~24*46'Uma81+82m81+
M-82ngc30343034Pec8,511*4'UmaNPolem81+
M-83ngc52365236Sbc7,712*10'HyaSPole
M-87ngc44864486E18,78*7'Virme111
M-94ngc47364736Sbp8,27*3'Cvnme1111x
M-95ngc33513351Sb9,96*4'Leome111m96+
M-96ngc33683368Sbp9,37*5'Leome111m96+
M96+M96-M953368Sbp9,3~50*8'Leo96+95m96+
M101Pinwheel5457Sc8,225*23'UmaUma4x
M104Sombrero4594Sb8,28*4'VirSouth
M105ngc33793379E19,35*4'Leome111
M106ngc42584258Sbp8,518*7'UmaUma2x
M110Andromed205E68,915*9'Andn76622x
N-253Sculptor253Sc8,426*6'SclSouth
N2903ngc29032903Sb9,211*5'Leom-441x
N3628Sarah3628Sb9,912*3'Leome111leo31x
Leo*3Leo-Trio3627Sb8,9~28*40'Leo66+65leo3
N5128CentaurA5128Pec7,224*18'CenSPolelow?
object: Ca=Caldwell Catalog, Ic=Index cat, M=Messier cat, Me=Melotte cat,
NGC number: N=New General Catalog, Sh=Sharpless Catalog.
typ(e): E1, E2, E4, E6, E8, I, Pec, Sb, Sbc, Sbp, Sc in Northern Hemisphere.
constellation: International Abbreviation.
InNear: Included in or Neighbors.
Filter: a Neodymium Moon + Sky Glow if the Moon is close or Bortle 9 sky.
blt: how many times did I build this Galaxy.

32 most rewarding Clusters, pictures inside


objectClickNGCtypeMgtdi(a)m.cnstInNearnoteblt
Me-25Hyadesme-25open0,6330'Taum-45me-25
Me111ComaStarme111open2,8275'Comm-64me111
M-2ngc70897089Glob5,78,2'Aqrn7009
M-3ngc52725272Glob5,59,8'Cvnme111
M-4ngc61216121Glob5,814'Scom-7
M-5ngc59045904Glob4,912,7'Serm-3
M-6Butterfly6405open5,625'Scom-4
M-7ngc64756475open3,460'Scom-4low?
M-11WildDuck6705open6,310'Sctm-22
M-13Hercules6205Glob5,710'Herm-922x
M-15ngc70787078Glob5,67,4'Pegm-21x
M-22ngc66566656Glob6,117'Sgrm-23
M-23ngc64946494open6,925'Sgrm-22
M-24ngc66036603open4,64'Sgrm-17
M-34ngc10391039open5,518'Perm-33
M-35ngc21682168open5,240'Gemm-1
M-37ngc20992099open5,920'Aurm-35
M-41ngc22872287open4,830'Cmam-42
M-44Beehive2632open3,495'Cncn2903
M-45Pleiadesme-22open1,5110'Taume-25me-223x
M-55ngc68096809Glob5,410'SgrSPole
M-67ngc26822682open6,515'Cncm-44
M-71ngc68386838Glob8,36'Sgem-27
M-92ngc63416341Glob6,18,3'Herm-13
N-869h-Persei869open4,436'Perm-34h+Khi
N-884K-Persei884open4,636'Perm-34Khi+h
N2017h-37802017open6,44'Lepm-41Arneb
N2239Rosette2239open4,824'Monn2237ca-502x
N2244Rosette2244open4,824'Monn2238ca-502x
N5139OmegaCtr5139Glob3,936'CenSPoleca-80lw
N6530ngc65306530open6,310'Sgrm-81x
N6611Eagle6611open6,425'Serm-162x
object: Ca=Caldwell Catalog, Ic=Index cat, M=Messier cat, Me=Melotte cat,
NGC number: N=New General Catalog, Sh=Sharpless Catalog.
type: Globular, open, from the Northern Hemisphere.
constellation: International Abbreviation.
InNear: Included in or Neighbors.
Filter: a Neodymium Moon + Sky Glow if the Moon is close or Bortle 9 sky.
blt: how many times did I build this Cluster.

  © Dima Lootvoet 2010-2024

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